Ambient Blooming Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Loaded with Non-Ionic Surfactants

Santiago, Denise Ester O.; Pajarito, Bryan B.; Aparre, Mark John A.; Biolena, Karl Joel E.; Condez, Yvette Celina W.

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/DF.9.90

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Ambient Blooming Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Loaded with Non-Ionic Surfactants

摘要:

This study investigated the ambient blooming behavior of additives and mechanical properties of vulcanized natural rubber (VNR) loaded with non-ionic surfactants coco diethanolamide (CDEA) and glycerol monostearate (GMS). Taguchi method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the significant main effects of additives on bloom rates and mechanical properties of VNR. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra of VNR surface confirm the presence of chemical functional groups of stearic acid, paraffin wax, used oil, CDEA, and GMS. The amount of bloom (M_B) versus square root of time (t^1/2) plot yields two linear regions corresponding to distinct bloom rates which suggest that the blooming behavior of additives follows a non-Fickian mechanism. High loadings of stearic acid, used oil, and paraffin wax increase the bloom rates due to migration of excess unreacted additives to the surface of VNR. Also, additives easily diffuse out of the VNR due to softening of the rubber matrix. High loadings of sulfur and CDEA consistently decrease the bloom rates because of the increase in crosslink density and increase in filler dispersion, making it difficult for additives to bloom out of rubber matrix. High loading of sulfur significantly improves the tensile and compression moduli of VNR. Meanwhile, high loadings of ZnO and used oil significantly decrease the tensile and compression moduli of VNR. Sulfur as a crosslinking agent increases the crosslink density which resulted to increase mechanical properties. Excess used oil and zinc stearate, reaction product of ZnO and stearic acid, on the VNR matrix resulted to rubber matrix softening and decrease in mechanical properties.

信息:

期刊:

Diffusion Foundations ( 9卷)

主题:

Mass Transport in Advanced Engineering Materials

编辑:

Prof. Graeme E. Murch, Irina Belova and Prof. Andreas Öchsner

页数:

90-99

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DF.9.90

引用:

D. E. O. Santiago et al., "Ambient Blooming Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Loaded with Non-Ionic Surfactants", Diffusion Foundations, Vol. 9, pp. 90-99, 2016

上线时间:

October 2016

作者:

Denise Ester O. Santiago, Bryan B. Pajarito, Mark John A. Aparre, Karl Joel E. Biolena, Yvette Celina W. Condez

关键字:

Blooming, Coco Diethanolamide, Glycerol Monostearate, Natural Rubber, Non-Ionic Surfactant, Taguchi Method

输出:

RIS, BibTeX

价格:

$38.00

允许:

请求权限

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论文参考

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文章题目页数

Causes and Countermeasures of Cracking in Cogging Process of 40Cr Bloom

作者: Chang Gui Cheng, Wen Cheng Wan, Zhong Tian Liu, Yong Rui Zheng

摘要: This paper has analyzed the solidification structure and thermodynamic state of bloom by means of the electron microscopy observation and heat transfer model, and studied the cracking mechanism and influence factors in the cogging process of 40Cr bloom. The results show that the main cracking reasons are the unreasonable secondary cooling scheme, the high reheating temperature in the bloom surface, the coarser grain and widmanstatten structure of the bloom subsurface. When the bloom is conveyed from the steel mill to rolling mill, the bloom may crack for the phase transition stress and thermal stress, some micro-cracks occur in the bloom surface, furthermore, the crack will expand when it is heated in the heating furnace and rolled in the cogging mill, the cracking occurs in bloom eventually. In order to reduce the bloom cracking in the cogging process, it must optimize the secondary cooling system, reduce the cooling intensity, and adopt the thermal insulation, hot delivery and hot charge process. If the bloom can not be conveyed in the hot delivery and hot charge mode, it should be conveyed to the slow cooling pit.

111

Minimum Mould Exit Shell Thickness of Round Blooms for Peritectic Steel Casting

作者: Li Gen Sun, Hui Rong Li, Jia Quan Zhang

摘要: The minimum mould exit shell thickness (MEST) is one of key factors to consider for continuous casting machine design and the strand cooling schemes. Based on the shell strength at elevated temperatures, a concept of shell integral average strength, from its very top surface to the solidus frontier, has been introduced to judge its bulging tendency under ferrostatic pressure. Considering the contribution to the shell stability, a mathematic model for the determination of the minimum MEST has been brought forward. It is shown that, the minimum MEST of the round bloom is decided by not only the cross section and the minimum roller spacing, but also the opening degree of the support roller and the support roller on the side. Taking a round bloom casting of plain carbon steel (grade Q235) as an example, there is the cross point with the curve of the minimum MEST by the minimum roller spacing and the minimum MEST by the fluting include angle of the support roller and the support roller on the side against the cross section, if its own geometry structure cannot hold the ferrostatic pressure, the minimum MEST on the left of the cross point can remain as the determined amount by the minimum roller spacing; but on the right, it is increased with the increasing width of cross section.

179

Features of Deformation of Partly Crystallization Blooms at their Two-Stage Soft Reduction

作者: Yevgeny Smirnov, Vitaly Sklyar

摘要: Steady increase of requirements to quality an axial zone continuously cast blooms stimulated in last time development of principles of its deformation at the end of solidifications with the purpose of suppression of axial porosity and segregation: soft reduction or mechanical soft reduction. The technology of soft reduction is one of the most effective ways of improvement quality of internal layers continuously cast blooms. In this case the central part of section of continuously cast blooms is in liquid or liquid-solid condition (mushy zone). At the same time, in practice now there are, at least, some original technical decisions for realization of this method.